Experiment

The distribution of hate speech and its implications for content moderation

Hate speech is widely seen as a significant obstacle to constructive online discourse, but the most effective strategies to mitigate its effects remain unclear. We claim that understanding its distribution across users is key to developing and …

Counterspeech encouraging users to adopt the perspective of minority groups reduces hate speech and its amplification on social media

Online intergroup hostility is a pervasive and troubling issue, yet experimental evidence on how to curb it remains scarce. This study examines counterspeech as a user-driven strategy to reduce hate speech. Drawing on theories that suggest adopting …

Empathy-based counterspeech can reduce racist hate speech in a social media field experiment

Despite heightened awareness of the detrimental impact of hate speech on social media platforms on affected communities and public discourse, there is little consensus on approaches to mitigate it. While content moderation—either by governments or …